nix/doc/manual/source/language/operators.md

Operators

Name	Syntax	Associativity	Precedence
Attribute selection	attrset . attrpath [ or expr ]	none	1
Function application	func expr	left	2
Arithmetic negation	- number	none	3
Has attribute	attrset ? attrpath	none	4
List concatenation	list ++ list	right	5
Multiplication	number * number	left	6
Division	number / number	left	6
Subtraction	number - number	left	7
Addition	number + number	left	7
String concatenation	string + string	left	7
Path concatenation	path + path	left	7
Path and string concatenation	path + string	left	7
String and path concatenation	string + path	left	7
Logical negation (NOT)	! bool	none	8
Update	attrset // attrset	right	9
Less than	expr < expr	none	10
Less than or equal to	expr <= expr	none	10
Greater than	expr > expr	none	10
Greater than or equal to	expr >= expr	none	10
Equality	expr == expr	none	11
Inequality	expr != expr	none	11
Logical conjunction (AND)	bool && bool	left	12
Logical disjunction (OR)	bool || bool	left	13
Logical implication	bool -> bool	right	14
Pipe operator (experimental)	expr |> func	left	15
Pipe operator (experimental)	func <| expr	right	15

Attribute selection

Syntax

attrset . attrpath [ or expr ]

Select the attribute denoted by attribute path attrpath from attribute set attrset. If the attribute doesn’t exist, return the expr after or if provided, otherwise abort evaluation.

Function application

Syntax

func expr

Apply the callable value func to the argument expr. Note the absence of any visible operator symbol. A callable value is either:

• a user-defined function
• a built-in function
• an attribute set with a __functor attribute

Warning

List items are also separated by whitespace, which means that function calls in list items must be enclosed by parentheses.

Has attribute

Syntax

attrset ? attrpath

Test whether attribute set attrset contains the attribute denoted by attrpath. The result is a Boolean value.

See also: builtins.hasAttr

After evaluating attrset and attrpath, the computational complexity is O(log(n)) for n attributes in the attrset

Arithmetic

Numbers will retain their type unless mixed with other numeric types: Pure integer operations will always return integers, whereas any operation involving at least one floating point number returns a floating point number.

Evaluation of the following numeric operations throws an evaluation error:

• Division by zero
• Integer overflow, that is, any operation yielding a result outside of the representable range of Nix language integers

See also Comparison and Equality.

The + operator is overloaded to also work on strings and paths.

String concatenation

Syntax

string + string

Concatenate two strings and merge their string contexts.

Path concatenation

Syntax

path + path

Concatenate two paths. The result is a path.

Path and string concatenation

Syntax

path + string

Concatenate path with string. The result is a path.

Note

The string must not have a string context that refers to a store path.

String and path concatenation

Syntax

string + path

Concatenate string with path. The result is a string.

Important

The file or directory at path must exist and is copied to the store. The path appears in the result as the corresponding store path.

Update

Syntax

attrset1 // attrset2

Update attribute set attrset1 with names and values from attrset2.

The returned attribute set will have all of the attributes in attrset1 and attrset2. If an attribute name is present in both, the attribute value from the latter is taken.

Comparison

Comparison is

• arithmetic for numbers
• lexicographic for strings and paths
• item-wise lexicographic for lists: elements at the same index in both lists are compared according to their type and skipped if they are equal.

All comparison operators are implemented in terms of <, and the following equivalencies hold:

comparison	implementation
a <= b	! ( b < a )
a > b	b < a
a >= b	! ( a < b )

Equality

• Attribute sets and lists are compared recursively, and therefore are fully evaluated.
• Comparison of functions always returns false.
• Numbers are type-compatible, see arithmetic operators.
• Floating point numbers only differ up to a limited precision.

Logical implication

Equivalent to !b1 || b2.

Pipe operators

• a |> b is equivalent to b a
• a <| b is equivalent to a b

Example

nix-repl> 1 |> builtins.add 2 |> builtins.mul 3
9

nix-repl> builtins.add 1 <| builtins.mul 2 <| 3
7

Warning

This syntax is part of an experimental feature and may change in future releases.

To use this syntax, make sure the pipe-operators experimental feature is enabled. For example, include the following in nix.conf:

extra-experimental-features = pipe-operators