fix(from_str, try_from_into): custom error types

Remove the use of trait objects as errors from `from_str` and
`try_from_into`; they seem to have caused a lot of confusion in
practice. (Also, it's considered best practice to use custom error
types instead of boxed errors in library code.) Instead, use custom
error enums, and update hints accordingly. Hints also provide
some guidance about converting errors, which could be covered
more completely in a future advanced errors section.

Also move from_str to directly after the similar exercise `from_into`,
for the sake of familiarity when solving.

exercises/conversions/from_str.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,31 @@
-// This does practically the same thing that TryFrom<&str> does.
+// from_str.rs
+// This is similar to from_into.rs, but this time we'll implement `FromStr`
+// and return errors instead of falling back to a default value.
 // Additionally, upon implementing FromStr, you can use the `parse` method
 // on strings to generate an object of the implementor type.
 // You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
-use std::error;
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 struct Person {
     name: String,
     age: usize,
 }
 
+// We will use this error type for the `FromStr` implementation.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum ParsePersonError {
+    // Empty input string
+    Empty,
+    // Incorrect number of fields
+    BadLen,
+    // Empty name field
+    NoName,
+    // Wrapped error from parse::<usize>()
+    ParseInt(ParseIntError),
+}
+
 // I AM NOT DONE
 
 // Steps:
@@ -24,7 +39,7 @@ struct Person {
 // If everything goes well, then return a Result of a Person object
 
 impl FromStr for Person {
-    type Err = Box<dyn error::Error>;
+    type Err = ParsePersonError;
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Person, Self::Err> {
     }
 }
@@ -40,7 +55,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn empty_input() {
-        assert!("".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert_eq!("".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParsePersonError::Empty));
     }
     #[test]
     fn good_input() {
@@ -52,41 +67,56 @@ mod tests {
     }
     #[test]
     fn missing_age() {
-        assert!("John,".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert!(matches!(
+            "John,".parse::<Person>(),
+            Err(ParsePersonError::ParseInt(_))
+        ));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn invalid_age() {
-        assert!("John,twenty".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert!(matches!(
+            "John,twenty".parse::<Person>(),
+            Err(ParsePersonError::ParseInt(_))
+        ));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn missing_comma_and_age() {
-        assert!("John".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert_eq!("John".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParsePersonError::BadLen));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn missing_name() {
-        assert!(",1".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert_eq!(",1".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParsePersonError::NoName));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn missing_name_and_age() {
-        assert!(",".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert!(matches!(
+            ",".parse::<Person>(),
+            Err(ParsePersonError::NoName | ParsePersonError::ParseInt(_))
+        ));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn missing_name_and_invalid_age() {
-        assert!(",one".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert!(matches!(
+            ",one".parse::<Person>(),
+            Err(ParsePersonError::NoName | ParsePersonError::ParseInt(_))
+        ));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn trailing_comma() {
-        assert!("John,32,".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert_eq!("John,32,".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParsePersonError::BadLen));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn trailing_comma_and_some_string() {
-        assert!("John,32,man".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            "John,32,man".parse::<Person>(),
+            Err(ParsePersonError::BadLen)
+        );
     }
 }

exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
+// try_from_into.rs
 // TryFrom is a simple and safe type conversion that may fail in a controlled way under some circumstances.
 // Basically, this is the same as From. The main difference is that this should return a Result type
 // instead of the target type itself.
 // You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html
 use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
-use std::error;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 struct Color {
@@ -12,12 +12,21 @@ struct Color {
     blue: u8,
 }
 
+// We will use this error type for these `TryFrom` conversions.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum IntoColorError {
+    // Incorrect length of slice
+    BadLen,
+    // Integer conversion error
+    IntConversion,
+}
+
 // I AM NOT DONE
 
 // Your task is to complete this implementation
 // and return an Ok result of inner type Color.
 // You need to create an implementation for a tuple of three integers,
-// an array of three integers and a slice of integers.
+// an array of three integers, and a slice of integers.
 //
 // Note that the implementation for tuple and array will be checked at compile time,
 // but the slice implementation needs to check the slice length!
@@ -25,20 +34,23 @@ struct Color {
 
 // Tuple implementation
 impl TryFrom<(i16, i16, i16)> for Color {
-    type Error = Box<dyn error::Error>;
-    fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+    type Error = IntoColorError;
+    fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    }
 }
 
 // Array implementation
 impl TryFrom<[i16; 3]> for Color {
-    type Error = Box<dyn error::Error>;
-    fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+    type Error = IntoColorError;
+    fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    }
 }
 
 // Slice implementation
 impl TryFrom<&[i16]> for Color {
-    type Error = Box<dyn error::Error>;
-    fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+    type Error = IntoColorError;
+    fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    }
 }
 
 fn main() {
@@ -46,15 +58,15 @@ fn main() {
     let c1 = Color::try_from((183, 65, 14));
     println!("{:?}", c1);
 
-    // Since From is implemented for Color, we should be able to use Into
+    // Since TryFrom is implemented for Color, we should be able to use TryInto
     let c2: Result<Color, _> = [183, 65, 14].try_into();
     println!("{:?}", c2);
 
     let v = vec![183, 65, 14];
-    // With slice we should use `from` function
+    // With slice we should use `try_from` function
     let c3 = Color::try_from(&v[..]);
     println!("{:?}", c3);
-    // or take slice within round brackets and use Into
+    // or take slice within round brackets and use TryInto
     let c4: Result<Color, _> = (&v[..]).try_into();
     println!("{:?}", c4);
 }
@@ -65,15 +77,24 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_tuple_out_of_range_positive() {
-        assert!(Color::try_from((256, 1000, 10000)).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::try_from((256, 1000, 10000)),
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        );
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_tuple_out_of_range_negative() {
-        assert!(Color::try_from((-1, -10, -256)).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::try_from((-1, -10, -256)),
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        );
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_tuple_sum() {
-        assert!(Color::try_from((-1, 255, 255)).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::try_from((-1, 255, 255)),
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        );
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_tuple_correct() {
@@ -91,17 +112,17 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_array_out_of_range_positive() {
         let c: Result<Color, _> = [1000, 10000, 256].try_into();
-        assert!(c.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(c, Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion));
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_array_out_of_range_negative() {
         let c: Result<Color, _> = [-10, -256, -1].try_into();
-        assert!(c.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(c, Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion));
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_array_sum() {
         let c: Result<Color, _> = [-1, 255, 255].try_into();
-        assert!(c.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(c, Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion));
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_array_correct() {
@@ -119,17 +140,26 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_slice_out_of_range_positive() {
         let arr = [10000, 256, 1000];
-        assert!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::try_from(&arr[..]),
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        );
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_slice_out_of_range_negative() {
         let arr = [-256, -1, -10];
-        assert!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::try_from(&arr[..]),
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        );
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_slice_sum() {
         let arr = [-1, 255, 255];
-        assert!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            Color::try_from(&arr[..]),
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        );
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_slice_correct() {
@@ -148,11 +178,11 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_slice_excess_length() {
         let v = vec![0, 0, 0, 0];
-        assert!(Color::try_from(&v[..]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(IntoColorError::BadLen));
     }
     #[test]
     fn test_slice_insufficient_length() {
         let v = vec![0, 0];
-        assert!(Color::try_from(&v[..]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(IntoColorError::BadLen));
     }
 }